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In Christian theology, Hell is the place or state into which by God's definitive judgment unrepentant sinners pass either immediately after death (particular judgment) or in the general judgment.〔(Cross, F. L., Livingstone, E. (editors), ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (Oxford University Press. 2005), article "Hell" )〕 Its character is inferred from teaching in the biblical texts, some of which, interpreted literally, have given rise to the popular idea of hell.〔 Theologians today generally see hell as the logical consequence of using free will to reject union with God and, because God will not force conformity, not incompatible with God's justice and mercy.〔 Calvinists, on the other hand, believe hell is a consequence of God's justice for man's sin, but reject the libertarian notion of free will. Different Hebrew and Greek words are translated as "hell" in most English-language Bibles. They include: * "Sheol" in the Hebrew Bible, and "Hades" in the New Testament. Many modern versions, such as the New International Version, translate Sheol as "grave" and simply transliterate "Hades". It is generally agreed that both ''sheol'' and ''hades'' do not typically refer to the place of eternal punishment, but to the grave, the temporary abode of the dead, the underworld.〔''New Bible Dictionary'' third edition, IVP 1996. Articles on "Hell", "Sheol".〕 * "Gehenna" in the New Testament, where it is described as a place where both soul and body could be destroyed () in "unquenchable fire" (). The word is translated as either "hell" or "hell fire" in many English versions.〔noted(RSV mg. "Gehenna": in Mk. 9:47)〕 * The Greek verb "ταρταρῶ (''tartarō'')", which occurs once in the New Testament (in ), is almost always translated by a phrase such as "thrown down to hell". A few translations render it as "Tartarus"; of this term, the Holman Christian Standard Bible states: "''Tartarus'' is a Greek name for a subterranean place of divine punishment lower than Hades." == Jewish background == In ancient Jewish belief, the dead were consigned to ''Sheol'', a place to which all were sent indiscriminately (cf. ; ; ; ). ''Sheol'' was thought of as a place situated below the ground (cf. ), a place of darkness, silence and forgetfulness (cf. Job 10:21).〔("What the Bible says about Death, Afterlife, and the Future" ) James Tabor〕 By the third to second century BC, the idea had grown to encompass separate divisions in ''sheol'' for the righteous and wicked (cf. the Book of Enoch),〔''New Bible Dictionary'' 3rd edition, IVP Leicester 1996. "Sheol".〕 and by the time of Jesus, some Jews had come to believe that those in Sheol awaited the resurrection of the dead either in comfort (in the bosom of Abraham) or in torment. By at least the late rabbinical period, ''Gehenna'' was viewed as the place of ultimate punishment, exemplified by the rabbinical statement "the best of physicians are destined to Gehenna." (M. Kiddushin 4:14); also described in Assumption of Moses and 2 Esdras.〔''New Bible Dictionary'' 3rd edition, IVP Leicester 1996, "Hell".〕 The term is derived from ''ge-hinnom'', a valley near Jerusalem originally used as a location for human sacrifices to the idol Moloch: In the Greek Septuagint the Hebrew word ''Sheol'' was translated as ''Hades'', the name for the underworld and abode of the dead in Greek mythology. The realm of eternal punishment in Hellenistic mythology was ''Tartarus'', ''Hades'' was a form of limbo for the unjudged dead. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Christian views on hell」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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